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Operation Plumbbob was a series of nuclear tests conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site, following ''Project 57'', and preceding ''Project 58/58A''.〔 It was the biggest, longest, and most controversial test series in the continental United States. ==Background== The operation consisted of 29 explosions, of which only two did not produce any nuclear yield. Twenty-one laboratories and government agencies were involved. While most ''Operation Plumbbob'' tests contributed to the development of warheads for intercontinental and intermediate range missiles, they also tested air defense and anti-submarine warheads with smaller yields. They included forty-three military effects tests on civil and military structures, radiation and bio-medical studies, and aircraft structural tests. ''Operation Plumbbob'' had the tallest tower tests to date in the U.S. nuclear testing program as well as high-altitude balloon tests. One nuclear test involved the largest troop maneuver ever associated with U.S. nuclear testing. Approximately 18,000 members of the U.S. Air Force, Army, Navy and Marines participated in exercises Desert Rock VII and VIII during ''Operation Plumbbob''. The military was interested in knowing how the average foot-soldier would stand up, physically and psychologically, to the rigors of the tactical nuclear battlefield. Almost 1,200 pigs were subjected to bio-medical experiments and blast-effects studies during ''Operation Plumbbob''. On shot ''Priscilla'' (37 kt), 719 pigs were used in various experiments on Frenchman Flat. Some pigs were placed in elevated cages and provided with suits made of different materials, to test which materials provided best protection from the thermal radiation. As shown and reported in the PBS documentary ''Dark Circle'', the pigs survived, but with third-degree burns to 80% of their bodies.〔Dark Circle, DVD release date March 27, 2007, Directors: Judy Irving, Chris Beaver, Ruth Landy. ISBN 0-7670-9304-6. http://www.pbs.org/pov/darkcircle/〕 Other pigs were placed in pens behind large sheets of glass at measured distances from the hypocenter to test the effects of flying debris on living targets. Studies were conducted of radioactive contamination and fallout from a simulated accidental detonation of a weapon; and projects concerning earth motion, blast loading and neutron output were carried out. Nuclear weapons safety experiments were conducted to study the possibility of a nuclear weapon detonation during an accident. On July 26, 1957, a safety experiment, ''Pascal-A'', was detonated in an unstemmed hole at NTS, becoming the first underground shaft nuclear test. The knowledge gained here would provide data to prevent nuclear yields in case of accidental detonations–for example, in a plane crash. The ''John'' shot on July 19, 1957 was the only test of the Air Force's AIR-2 Genie missile with a nuclear warhead.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Robert Krulwich )〕 It was fired from an F-89 Scorpion fighter over Yucca Flats at the NNSS. On the ground, the Air Force carried out a public relations event by having five Air Force officers and a photographer stand under ground zero of the blast, which took place at between 18,500 and 20,000 feet altitude, with the idea of demonstrating the possibility of the use of the weapon over civilian populations without ill effects. In 2012 the photographer and the last survivor of the five met in a restaurant in Dallas to reminisce. The photographer, Akira "George" Yoshitake, died in October, 2013, and the last of the six, Donald A. Luttrell, died December, 2014. The ''Rainier'' shot, conducted September 19, 1957, was the first fully contained underground nuclear test, meaning that no fission products were vented into the atmosphere. This test of 1.7 kt could be detected around the world by seismologists using ordinary seismic instruments. The ''Rainier'' test became the prototype for larger and more powerful underground tests. Some images from ''Upshot-Knothole Grable'' were accidentally relabeled as belonging to the ''Priscilla'' shot from ''Operation Plumbbob'' in 1957. As a consequence many publications including official government documents have the photo mislabeled.〔Carey Sublette, "Operation Plumbbob," Nuclear Weapon Archive, (http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Plumbob.html ). (accessed December 27, 2006).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Plumbbob」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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